基于转录组测序的半滑舌鳎长链非编码RNA的初步鉴定与分析

以抗病家系与易感家系半滑舌鳎为材料,进行哈维弧菌感染实验,并对易感家系感染前(CsSU)、易感家系感染后(CsSC)、抗病家系感染前(CsRU)、抗病家系感染后(CsRC)4组进行转录组测序,根据RNA-seq数据挖掘半滑舌鳎长链非编码RNA信息;通过生物信息学分析,筛选出与抗哈维弧菌病相关的差异长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA, lncRNA)。结果显示,共识别出4 584个lncRNA座位,包含5 714个转录本;其基本特征与编码基因的比较分析,lncRNA的GC含量低于编码基因,单外显子基因数多于编码基因,转录本的平均长度长于编码基因,基因表达量低于编码基因。对4组样品进行两两比较(CsRU vs CsSU、CsRC vs CsSC、CsRC vs CsRU、CsSC vs CsSU)分别筛选出818、813、261、140个差异表达lncRNA,其中CsRU与CsSU之间、CsRC与CsSC之间lncRNA数目差异最多,通过聚类分析确定了各实验组的表达模式之间的联系,CsRU与CsSU之间的表达模式最为相近。通过共表达分析,预测出lncRNA和274个编码基因可能存在14 539种相互关系,并进行了功能注释,进而筛选出7个关键lncRNA。qRT-PCR结果显示,差异表达lncRNAs的表达模式和转录组数据得到的基本一致。研究结果为揭示lncRNA在半滑舌鳎抗哈维弧菌免疫调控反应中的作用提供重要的参考数据。     

Effects of Dietary Protein and Lipid Levels with Different Protein‐to‐Energy Ratios on Growth,Feed Utilization,and Plasma Biochemical Parameters of Dianchi Golden‐line Barbell,Sinocyclocheilus grahami

An 8‐wk feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of varying dietary protein and lipid levels with different protein‐to‐energy (P/E) ratios on growth, feed utilization, and plasma biochemical parameters of Sinocyclocheilus graham. Nine experimental diets were formulated to contain three protein levels (35, 40, and 45%), and each with three lipid levels (4, 8, and 12%), to produce a range of P/E ratios from 71.31 to 98.64 mg protein/kcal. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 25 fish. Fish grew best when fed the diet containing 45% protein and 12% lipid. However, fish fed the diet with 40% protein and 8% lipid had similar weight gain and specific growth rate as those fed the above diet but showed relatively better feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, and protein and energy retentions. Additionally, plasma total amino acids and blood urea nitrogen contents and γ‐glutamyltransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase activities in fish fed the diet containing 40% protein and 8% lipid were relatively low among the dietary treatments. These results may indicate that a diet containing 40% protein and 8% lipid with P/E ratio of 84.05 mg protein/kcal would be suitable for the optimal growth, feed utilization, and health of S. graham.     

Effect of nitrogen root zone fertilization on rice yield,uptake and utilization of macronutrient in lower reaches of Yangtze River,China

Improper application of nitrogen (N) has led to high N losses and low N use efficiency in the lower reaches of Yangtze River in China. An effective method to solve such problems is the deep fertilized N in root zone (RZF). Limited information is available on the effect of RZF on the uptake of macronutrients (N, P and K) and rice yield. Field experiments, conducted from 2014 to 2015, compared the farmer fertilizer practice (FFP, with 225 kg ha^?1 of N, split into three doses) and RZF using the same rate but placing N 5 cm away from rice roots in holes 10 cm deep (RZF10) or 5 cm deep (RZF5) as a single application. The highest mean yield (10.0 t ha^?1) was obtained in RZF10, which was 19.5% more than that in FFP. Root zone fertilization of urea (whether 10 cm deep or 5 cm deep) resulted in greater accumulation of N, P and K in stem, leaf sheaths, leaf blades and grains compared to that in FFP in sandy and in loam soils. The uptake of N, P and K was the highest in RZF10 (average at 176.7, 66.2 and 179.1 kg ha^?1, respectively), higher than that in FFP by 45.0, 17.0 and 22.6%, respectively. N apparent recovery efficiency was markedly higher in RZF10 (53.1%) than in FFP (27.5%). RZF10 significantly increased the N, P, K uptake compared with FFP under different N rates in both sandy and loam soils. These results suggest that the N, P and K input amount should be re-determined under RZF.     

High fluid shear strain causes injury in silver shark: Preliminary implications for Mekong hydropower turbine design

The Lower Mekong Basin is facing unprecedented threats to fish diversity from hydropower development. There is increasing pressure on developers and construction authorities to design solutions to improve fish survival through turbines, thus protecting the resources in regions being developed for hydropower. A hydraulic characteristic of hydropower turbines with known fisheries impacts is fluid shear stress. Elevated shear stress occurs where rapidly flowing water passes near spillways, screens and within turbine draft tubes. Shear stress can have adverse impacts on fish, but no work has assessed whether this holds true for Mekong River species. A flume was used to determine critical tolerances of silver shark, Balantiocheilos melanopterus (Bleeker), to shear stress rates at a high‐velocity jet which simulated a hydropower turbine. Fish were assessed for injury or mortality following exposure. Results were compared against a no‐shear control. Injury and mortality were greater at higher shear stress exposures. Injuries occurred at all shear exposure levels with mortality at shear levels higher than 600/s. This approach should help design future hydropower turbines if data on other species demonstrate similar results. If the likelihood of adverse impact is high, then shear stress will need to be considered in the design of future hydropower facilities.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">OsLAP6/OsPKS1</Emphasis>, an orthologue of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Arabidopsis PKSA/LAP6</Emphasis>, is critical for proper pollen exine formation

Background

Male fertility is crucial for rice yield, and the improvement of rice yield requires hybrid production that depends on male sterile lines. Although recent studies have revealed several important genes in male reproductive development, our understanding of the mechanisms of rice pollen development remains unclear.

Results

We identified a rice mutant oslap6 with complete male sterile phenotype caused by defects in pollen exine formation. By using the MutMap method, we found that a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variation located in the second exon of OsLAP6/OsPKS1 was responsible for the mutant phenotype. OsLAP6/OsPKS1 is an orthologous gene of Arabidopsis PKSA/LAP6, which functions in sporopollenin metabolism. Several other loss-of-function mutants of OsLAP6/OsPKS1 generated by the CRISPR/Cas9 genomic editing tool also exhibited the same phenotype of male sterility. Our cellular analysis suggested that OsLAP6/OsPKS1 might regulate pollen exine formation by affecting bacula elongation. Expression examination indicated that OsLAP6/OsPKS1 is specifically expressed in tapetum, and its product is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Protein sequence analysis indicated that OsLAP6/OsPKS1 is conserved in land plants.

Conclusions

OsLAP6/OsPKS1 is a critical molecular switch for rice male fertility by participating in a conserved sporopollenin precursor biosynthetic pathway in land plants. Manipulation of OsLAP6/OsPKS1 has potential for application in hybrid rice breeding.

     

气吹集排式水稻旱直播机关键部件设计与试验

针对中国水稻直播品种不一、高速作业和大播量的要求,该文设计了一种气吹集排式水稻旱地精量直播机,直播机主要由均匀分种装置、定量排种装置、气力输送装置、同步传动装置、大尺寸集成种箱、开沟覆土镇压装置和支撑悬挂装置组成。从直播机的稻种适应性、作业速度、播量调节等方面研究了气吹集排式分种器的分种机理和分种均匀性。根据不同品种水稻种子的物理特性和气流输送原理,分析了不同种子在持续气流作用下,种子在分种器中的运动轨迹。按照大播量可调要求,设计了播量无级可调槽轮式排种器,槽轮槽形为圆弧状,通过双地轮驱动排种器保证播量同步。设计变速传动装置增加定量排种装置高速作业的适应性,气力输送装置使定量排种装置排出的种子在高速作业下连续排入播种沟。分种器的均匀稳定分种提高了直播机播种的均匀性和稳定性,通过减少排种器数量和使用气力输送种子,降低了伤种率。对比不同籼、粳稻品种在直播过程的运动规律和田间播种效果,得到了适应不同稻种的分种器结构及相关参数。试制了气吹集排式直播机并进行田间试验。田间试验结果表明,气吹集排式直播机的播量在75～375 kg/hm2可调,最高作业速度为14 km/h,10行幅宽2 m和20行幅宽4 m的每行播种量变异系数分别为4.89%和5.06%,田间播种的稻种破损率为0.46%。2017年,在宁夏播种富源4号品种的产量为10 372.5 kg/hm2,在广东播种粤农丝苗品种的产量为7 074kg/hm2,生产试验结果表明,所研制的气吹集排式水稻旱直播机达到了设计目标,满足作业需求。     

新巴尔虎右旗植被覆盖变化研究

利用ArcGIS和ENVI的栅格空间分析工具,采用叠置分析、线性趋势分析法、均值法等分析方法,选用2001~2016年每年5~9月MODIS NDVI数据和该研究区域行政区划矢量数据来研究新巴尔虎右旗16年间的植被覆盖变化,为该地区植被趋势研究和生态建设提供一定的科学依据。结果表明:2001~2016年间新巴尔虎右旗生长季NDVI值呈增长趋势,但存在空间差异性,并且在不同时间段的具体表现不同;新巴尔虎右旗植被覆盖度呈增长趋势的面积占比,远大于植被覆盖度呈减小趋势的面积占比。     

滴度及注射方式对2型腺相关病毒载体表达效果的影响

由于腺相关病毒载体(adeno-associated viral vector,AAV)本身的侵染不具有神经元特异性,其在神经系统相关研究中会存在侵染范围不符合试验要求的情况,因此本试验拟研究不同滴度和注射方式对病毒侵染范围的影响。结果显示,在注射较高滴度的AAV2-CMV-EGFP(1.3×10¹¹mg/L)3周后,其侵染范围可由延髓中缝苍白核(raphe pallidus nucleus,RPa)区域延伸至下丘脑室旁核(paraventricular nucleus,PVN)区域;较低滴度(1.3×10⁸mg/L)结合压力注射的方式可以在一定程度上限制AAV的侵染范围,并且载体携带的EGFP荧光基团在637 nm波段不具有明显的假阳性信号。     

浅析我国农业节水灌溉技术研究及进展

中国是世界上人均水资源占有量最贫乏的13个国家之一,水是农业的命脉,水资源的严重不足,使我国农业发展面临非常大的挑战。发展节水灌溉技术是我国未来农业发展的一项重大战略决策,也是坚持绿色发展理念的必然选择。为了解我国农业节水灌溉技术现状和研究进展,本文通过综合分析国内外节水灌溉技术现状,梳理我国目前主要的节水灌溉工程技术,总结我国在农业节水灌溉技术现阶段面临的主要问题和未来发展趋势。     

自毒物质对羟基苯甲酸降解细菌ZH2的分离与应用

自毒物质是造成植物连作障碍的主要因子,研究旨在筛选能够降解土壤中自毒物质的细菌。采用选择性分离方法从土壤中筛选自毒物质对羟基苯甲酸降解菌;结合形态特征、生理生化特征和16S rRNA测序鉴定菌种;采用紫外分光光度法测定菌株降解对羟基苯甲酸能力,并通过盆栽实验验证解毒效果。结果表明,分离到1株有降解对羟基苯甲酸能力的菌株,编号ZH2,经鉴定为绿针假单胞菌(Pseudomonas chlororaphis)。在纯培养条件下,当对羟基苯甲酸浓度为5 mg/mL时,ZH2能在培养72 h时将其降解97%。盆栽条件下,当基质中对羟基苯甲酸浓度为10 mg/g时,ZH2能有效缓解对羟基苯甲酸对黄瓜的生长抑制作用。该研究从土壤中分离到能够降解对羟基苯甲酸的绿针假单胞菌,具有应用于连作障碍防控的潜在价值。